Информация про англию на английском

Помимо этого, существует точка зрения, согласно которой за базу государственного британского костюмчика следует брать одеяние англосаксонских племён, населявших местность современного графства Кент в VII—VIII веках н. Мужчины носили соответствующие перепоясанные светлые холщовые рубашки навыпуск рубашки имели маленькой вырез на груди, который стягивался шнурком, зашнурованным крест-накрест и тёмные штаны.

На поясе висел кинжал. Дамы носили светлые долгополые холщовые рубашки, поверх которых надевался подпоясанный незастёгивающийся дамский кафтан. Но в Англии есть некие проф различия в одежде, в её деталях. К примеру, рабочие носят кепи, а докеры портовых городов повязывают на шейку пёструю косынку; почти все пожилые крестьяне предпочитают носить издавна вышедшие из моды костюмы-тройки и фетровые шапки. Даже на данный момент в деловых кварталах Сити можно узреть клерков, одетых по давней традиции совсем одинаково: узенькие штаны в полоску, чёрный пиджак, высочайший белоснежный воротничок, шляпа-котелок на голове, а в руках постоянный чёрный зонт.

Спорт играет важную роль в британском обществе. Посреди командных видов спорта в Великобритании популярны футбол , хоккей на травке, крикет , регби , регбилиг и нетбол. Главные личные виды спорта: бадминтон, лёгкая атлетика, теннис, бокс, гольф, велоспорт, автоспорт и скачки. Футбол — самый популярный вид спорта, за ним следуют крикет, теннис и регби. Ряд современных видов спорта были систематизированы в Великобритании в XIX веке, в том числе крикет, регби, регбилиг, футбол, хоккей на травке, сквош, теннис и бадминтон.

Великобритания имеет свою национальную команду во почти всех командных видов спорта, но в Олимпийских играх участвует сборная Англии. Соревнование меж странами Англией, Шотландией, Уэльсом и Северной Ирландией обычно было в центре спортивной жизни Англии, но в крайние десятилетия оно стало терять энтузиазм. В частности, больше не проводится Домашний чемпионат Англии по футболу.

Клубные соревнования по большинству командных видов спорта также проводятся раздельно в Великобритании. Но есть разные аномалии, такие как роль трёх больших валлийских футбольных клубов в системе британских лиг и 1-го британского клуба в шотландской футбольной лиге.

Материал из Википедии — вольной энциклопедии. Это стабильная версия , отпатрулированная 26 октября Значения и отличия друг от друга определений «Англия», « Англия », « Британия » и « Соединённое Царство » описаны в статье « Английские острова терминология ». У этого термина есть и остальные значения, см. Великобритания значения. Основная статья: Заглавие Великобритании.

Основная статья: География Великобритании. Основная статья: История Великобритании. Основная статья: Регионы Великобритании. В статье есть перечень источников , но не хватает сносок. Без сносок трудно найти, из какого источника взято каждое отдельное утверждение. Вы сможете сделать лучше статью, проставив сноски на источники , подтверждающие информацию.

Сведения без сносок могут быть удалены. Дата обращения: 15 октября Архивировано 3 декабря года. Дата обращения 1 июня Дата обращения: 1 июня Архивировано 26 ноября года. В схожих проектах. Для улучшения данной нам статьи лучше : Отыскать и оформить в виде сносок ссылки на независящие авторитетные источники , подтверждающие написанное. Поправить статью согласно стилистическим правилам Википедии. Опосля исправления трудности исключите её из перечня.

Удалите шаблон, ежели устранены все недочеты. Giant Bomb Открытый каталог. Крупная датская Крупная каталанская Крупная норвежская Крупная русская Крупная русская 1 изд. В библиографических каталогах. Соединённое Царство Англии и Северной Ирландии. Великобритания Шотландия Уэльс Северная Ирландия. Гернси Джерси Полуостров Мэн. Великобритания в темах. Категории : Страны по алфавиту Великобритания Исторические страны на Английских островах Страны в составе Англии Англоязычные страны и местности.

Сокрытые категории: Странички с нечисловыми аргументами formatnum Википедия:Cite web не указан язык Страны без характеристики в Викиданных:p78 Википедия:Статьи, требующие конкретизации Википедия:Статьи с шаблонами недочетов по алфавиту Википедия:Статьи без сносок с января года Википедия:Статьи без сносок Статьи со ссылками на Викисловарь Википедия:Ссылка на Викицитатник конкретно в статье Википедия:Ссылка на Викитеку конкретно в статье Статьи со ссылками на Викисклад Статьи со ссылками на Викигид Статьи со ссылками на портал Википедия:Статьи без ссылок на источники Википедия:Статьи без источников страна: Англия Википедия:Статьи без источников не распределённые по типам Википедия:Стилистически неправильные статьи Странички, использующие чудесные ссылки ISBN Википедия:Страницы с картами.

Места имён Статья Обсуждение. Просмотры Читать Править Править код История. Викисклад Викиновости Викицитатник Викигид. Девиз : « Dieu et mon droit » «Бог и моё право». Муниципальный гимн Великобритании. Великобритания на карте Европы. Светло-зелёным обозначены другие местности Англии. Карл III. Риши Сунак. Достопримечательности, городка Великобритании, климат, география, население и культура.

Великобритания - страна и административная единица Соединённого Царства Англии и Северной Ирландии. Размещена на местности острова Англия, занимая его южную и центральную часть. Великобритания имеет сухопутные границы с Шотландией на севере и Уэльсом на западе. Также страна имеет морские границы с Ирландией полуостровом и государством и Францией.

Великобритания в отличии от остальных административно-политических частей Соединённого Царства не имеет собственного парламента и правительства, подчиняясь подходящим законодательным и исполнительным органам Англии. Великобритания - одна из посещаемых государств в мире, которая имеет великолепную историю, прекрасные городка и богатейшие культурные традиции.

Эта часть Британии славится обилием превосходных исторических мест от старых мегалитов и древних римских сооружений до средневековых деревень и древних замков. Великобритания - это живописные природные ландшафты и захватывающее морское побережье, атмосферная провинция и динамичная жизнь крупных городов.

Это потрясающая страна имеет чрезвычайно аутентичную атмосферу и уклад жизни. Имеет сухопутные границы с 2-мя иными административно-политическими частями Соединённого Королевства: на севере с Шотландией, а на западе с Уэльсом. Великобритания омывается Северным и Ирландским морями, которые являются частью акватории Атлантического океана. Юг Великобритании представляет собой равнину, которая разбита буграми и возвышенностями.

Север Великобритании - это сравнимо гористая местность, где находятся Пеннинские горы. Наикрупнейшая вершина - Скофел-Пайк метров. Восточная Великобритания - это низменность с лугами и болотами, которые были осушены и стали сельскохозяйственными угодьями. Во времена кельтов крупная часть Великобритании была покрыта широколиственными лесами дуб, бук, граб, ясень.

Но в предстоящем большая часть лесных массивов были преобразованы в поля и пастбища. Великобритания имеет умеренный морской климат, который смягчён влиянием тёплого Гольфстрима. Он различается сравнимо тёплым, в неких северных районах холодным, в летнюю пору и мягенькой в зимнюю пору. Юго-восточная часть - самый тёплый регион. Северо-восточная - самый прохладный. Погода в Великобритании может быть достаточно изменчивая, а осень и весна нередко дождливые. При этом климат характеризуется редкими экстремальными температурами и малой различием температурных характеристик меж самым тёплым и прохладным месяцами.

Наилучшее время посещения Великобритании поздняя весна и лето. В осеннюю пору может быть достаточно дождливо, а в зимнюю пору прохладно и сыро. До Римского завоевания территория Великобритании была заселена бриттами кельтскими племенами. Римляне выстроили тут дороги, цепь укреплений и основали несколько городов.

Практически же Британия была окраиной римского страны. Опосля ухода римлян бриттов стали теснить северные племена пиктов и скоттов будущие шотландцы. В 5 веке на местность Великобритании вторглись племена германцев англы, саксы и юты. Они образовали 7 королевств, которые в предстоящем были объединены в царство Великобритания. Первым английским королём стал Альфред Великий. В 9 веке Великобритания мучается от нашествия викингов. Воинственные скандинавы захватили северные и восточные местности, а датские повелители даже некое время правили английским царством.

В 11 веке в Великобританию вторглись нормандцы во главе с Вильгельмом Завоевателем. Вильгельм ввёл феодальную систему, а также французские характеры и традиции. При нём были дарованы права и льготы почти всем городкам, что содействовало их росту и развитию. В году была подчинена Ирландия. В конце 13 века английские монархи подчинили Уэльс. В году к власти пришла династия Ланкастеров, которая правила государством до года. Конец 15 века характеризуется серией войн меж сторонниками династии Йорков и Ланкастеров, которые закончились победой первых.

Йорки правили государством всего 24 года. В году на трон воцарились Тюдоры. В году королём Великобритании стал шотландский повелитель Яков I из династии Стюартов. Страну сотрясали войны, религиозные конфликты и революция, которая завершилась реставрацией монархии. В году в итоге унии Великобритания и Шотландия образовали единое правительство - Англию.

Наикрупнейшая этническая группа Великобритании - британцы. Это цивилизация возникла в итоге смешения кельтов, римлян, англов, саксов, норманнов. Британцы молвят на британском языке. Преобладающей религией является англиканство одно из направлений христианства. Британцы традиционно миролюбивы и вежливы. Хотя они различаются некой чопорностью, тщеславием и консервативностью. В обыкновенной жизни британцы размеренные, невозмутимые и достаточно закрытые. Свою страсть они могут выплеснуть на спортивных событиях и в пабах.

Так как Англия является полуостровом, то в Великобританию из материковой Европы можно попасть на пароме либо через евротоннель под Ла-Маншем. Наилучший и самый стремительный метод добраться сюда - по воздуху. Страна имеет хорошее воздушное сообщение с большинством больших городов Европы и мира.

Английский аэропорт Хитроу является одним из самых больших и загруженных воздушных портов в мире.

Помощь какой самый безопасный город в мире любопытный

They have many common features and known as Oxbridge. One more interesting fact to mention is that England is home to lots of different sports but the most played one is football. England is a very interesting nice country. Continue reading. Хорошие репетиторы британского языка онлайн Добавить объявление. Тема по британскому языку: Великобритания Топик по британскому языку: Великобритания England.

Страна Великобритания Великобритания — это страна, являющаяся частью Соединенного Царства. Возникновение Соединенного Царства Вначале заселенная кельтами, Великобритания была завоевана римлянами, англами, саксонами, джутами, датчанами и нормандцами. Климат В Великобритании умеренный морской климат. Экономика Экономика Великобритании — одна из огромнейших в мире. Культура В Великобритании много театров, музеев, библиотек и галерей. Образование В Великобритании огромное количество институтов.

Спорт Стоит отметить еще один увлекательный факт: Великобритания — родина почти всех видов спорта, но самый всераспространенный из их футбол. Заключение Великобритания — чрезвычайно увлекательная и прекрасная страна. Climate England has a temperate maritime climate.

Culture There are lots of theatres, museums, libraries and galleries in England. Education There are a great number of universities in England. Sports One more interesting fact to mention is that England is home to lots of different sports but the most played one is football.

Conclusion England is a very interesting nice country. Топики по британскому языку. Tags: Топики о странах. Данный текст может быть испол Данный текст может быть применен в качестве презентации, Тема по британскому языку: Южноамериканские дома Топик по британскому языку: Южноамериканские дома American homes. Данный текст может быть и Тема по британскому языку: Английские дома Топик по британскому языку: Английские дома British houses.

Тема по британскому языку: Английская кухня Топик по британскому языку: Английская кухня British cuisine. Данный текст может быть ис Данный текст може Тема по британскому языку: Австралия Топик по британскому языку: Австралия Australia. Данный текст может быть применен в качестве Тема по британскому языку: Канада Топик по британскому языку: Канада Canada. Данный текст может быть применен в качестве презента Данный тек Тема по британскому языку: Калифорния Топик по британскому языку: Калифорния California.

Данный текст может быть применен в качес Хорошие репетиторы британского языка онлайн. Добавить объявление. Продолжая употреблять наш веб-сайт, вы даете согласие на обработку файлов Cookies и остальных пользовательских данных, в согласовании с реальным уведомлением о их использовании. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism. Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history.

Elizabethan England represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of art, poetry, music and literature. England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government as a result of vast Tudor reforms. Competing with Spain , the first English colony in the Americas was founded in by explorer Walter Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.

During the Elizabethan period , England was at war with Spain. An armada sailed from Spain in as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet under Lord Howard of Effingham.

This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in and , but both were driven back by storms. The political structure of the island changed in , when the King of Scots , James VI , a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I , thereby creating a personal union.

It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of Parliament and those of King Charles I , known colloquially as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively.

This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms , involving Scotland and Ireland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced by the Commonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in ; a period of personal rule followed. This was established with the Bill of Rights in Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.

In the Great Fire of London gutted the City of London but it was rebuilt shortly afterwards [60] with many significant buildings designed by Christopher Wren. In Parliament two factions had emerged — the Tories and Whigs. Some English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. Under the Stuart dynasty England expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment to create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth in British overseas trade protected by the Royal Navy paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire.

Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution , a period of profound change in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development. The Regency of George IV is noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea by Lord Nelson , and on land by the Duke of Wellington.

The major victory at the Battle of Trafalgar confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century. London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era , and trade within the British Empire — as well as the standing of the British military and navy — was prestigious. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the Allies.

Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during the Blitz. Combined, these prompted the reform of local government in England in the midth century. Since the 20th century there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the British Isles , but also from the Commonwealth , particularly the Indian subcontinent.

Since the late 20th century the administration of the United Kingdom has moved towards devolved governance in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England is part of the United Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom , although other countries of the United Kingdom have devolved governments.

Since devolution , in which other countries of the United Kingdom — Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland — each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues, there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. One major issue is the West Lothian question , in which MPs from Scotland and Wales are able to vote on legislation affecting only England, while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters.

The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of common law [93] legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries [94] and the United States except Louisiana. Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued, under the Treaty of Union , as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent — stare decisis — to the facts before them.

It was created in after constitutional changes, taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords. The Secretary of State for Justice is the minister responsible to Parliament for the judiciary , the court system and prisons and probation in England. The subdivisions of England consist of up to four levels of subnational division controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of local government.

These were created in as Government Offices, used by the UK government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally, but there are no elected bodies at this level, except in London, and in the regional government offices were abolished. After devolution began to take place in other parts of the United Kingdom it was planned that referendums for the regions of England would take place for their own elected regional assemblies as a counterweight.

London accepted in the London Assembly was created two years later. However, when the proposal was rejected by the North East England devolution referendum in the North East, further referendums were cancelled. Below the regional level, all of England is divided into 48 ceremonial counties. There are six metropolitan counties based on the most heavily urbanised areas, which do not have county councils. Elsewhere, 27 non-metropolitan "shire" counties have a county council and are divided into districts, each with a district council.

They are typically, though not always, found in more rural areas. The remaining non-metropolitan counties are of a single district and usually correspond to large towns or sparsely populated counties; they are known as unitary authorities. Greater London has a different system for local government, with 32 London boroughs , plus the City of London covering a small area at the core governed by the City of London Corporation.

Geographically England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom: to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent.

It is separated from France Hauts-de-France by a mile 34 km [] sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone. At miles km , the Severn is the longest river flowing through England. There are many lakes in England ; the largest is Windermere , within the aptly named Lake District.

The northern uplands include the Pennines , a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and the Cheviot Hills , straddling the border between England and Scotland. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by the Tees—Exe line. In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around million years ago.

There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. They contain two national parks , the Yorkshire Dales and the Peak District. In the West Country , Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite, and enjoy a mild climate ; both are national parks. The English Lowlands are in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including the Cotswold Hills , Chiltern Hills , North and South Downs ; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the cliffs of Dover.

The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast , while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean , its northern latitude and the warming of the sea by the Gulf Stream.

The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in the British Isles with a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats. National nature reserves in England are designated by Natural England as key places for wildlife and natural features in England.

They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members of The Wildlife Trusts partnership, the National Trust , and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

There are NNRs in England covering square kilometres square miles. Often they contain rare species or nationally important species of plants and animals. The Environment Agency is a non-departmental public body , established in and sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.

England has a temperate oceanic climate in most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas of subarctic and warmer areas in the South West. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly the red fox , which is the most successful urban mammal after the brown rat , and other animals such as common wood pigeon , both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas.

Grey squirrels introduced from eastern America have forced the decline of the native red squirrel due to competition. Red squirrels are now confined to upland and coniferous-forested areas of England, mainly in the north, south west and Isle of Wight. The fauna of England has to cope with varying temperatures and conditions, although not extreme they do pose potential challenges and adaptational measures.

English fauna has however had to cope with industrialisation, human population densities amongst the highest in Europe and intensive farming , but as England is a developed nation, wildlife and the countryside have entered the English mindset more and the country is very conscientious about preserving its wildlife, environment and countryside. The Greater London Built-up Area is by far the largest urban area in England [] and one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered a global city and has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.

While many cities in England are quite large, such as Birmingham , Sheffield , Manchester , Liverpool , Leeds , Newcastle , Bradford , Nottingham , population size is not a prerequisite for city status. England is a leader in the chemical [] and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace , the arms industry , and the manufacturing side of the software industry.

Originally established as private banker to the government of England, since it has been a state-owned institution. England is highly industrialised, but since the s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy.

The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals , cars although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Land Rover , Lotus , Jaguar and Bentley , crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm , aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages.

Its engines power more than 30 types of commercial aircraft, and it has more 30, engines currently in service across both the civil and defence sectors. With a workforce of over 12, people, Derby has the largest concentration of Rolls-Royce employees in the UK. Rolls-Royce also produces low-emission power systems for ships; makes critical equipment and safety systems for the nuclear industry and powers offshore platforms and major pipelines for the oil and gas industry.

The world leader in compact satellite systems, Surrey Satellite Technology , is also part of Astrium. It is growing at a rate of 7. England retains a significant, though much reduced fishing industry. Its fleets bring home fish of every kind, ranging from sole to herring.

It is also rich in natural resources including coal , petroleum , natural gas , tin , limestone , iron ore , salt , clay , chalk , gypsum , lead , and silica. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins , the first secretary of the Royal Society , in England was a leading centre of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century.

Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel , best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway , a series of famous steamships , and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering. The Father of Railways, George Stephenson , built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , which opened in With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage, Matthew Boulton business partner of James Watt is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.

Inventions and discoveries of the English include: the jet engine , the first industrial spinning machine , the first computer and the first modern computer , the World Wide Web along with HTML , the first successful human blood transfusion , the motorised vacuum cleaner , [] the lawn mower , the seat belt , the hovercraft , the electric motor , steam engines , and theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution and atomic theory. Newton developed the ideas of universal gravitation , Newtonian mechanics , and calculus , and Robert Hooke his eponymously named law of elasticity.

The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers , meeting at a variety of locations, including Gresham College in London. They were influenced by the " new science ", as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis , from approximately onwards. Scientific research and development remains important in the universities of England , with many establishing science parks to facilitate production and co-operation with industry.

The Department for Transport is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by the Secretary of State for Transport. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are many motorways in England , and many other trunk roads, such as the A1 Great North Road , which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle [] much of this section is motorway and onward to the Scottish border.

The longest motorway in England is the M6 , from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border , a distance of miles km. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. National Cycle Route offers cycling routes nationally. Great British Railways is a planned state-owned public body that will oversee rail transport in Great Britain from Rail transport in England is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in There are plans to reopen lines such as the Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge.

These lines are mostly standard gauge single , double or quadruple track though there are also a few narrow gauge lines. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel , which was completed in England has extensive domestic and international aviation links. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.

Energy use in the United Kingdom stood at 2, TWh Successive UK governments have outlined numerous commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Notably, the UK is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy , and wind power production is its fastest growing supply. The Climate Change Act was passed in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties.

It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally binding climate change mitigation target set by a country. English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. The Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport has overall responsibility for tourism, arts and culture, cultural property, heritage and historic environments, libraries, and museums and galleries.

A blue plaque , the oldest historical marker scheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. The scheme was the brainchild of politician William Ewart in and was initiated in It was formally established by the Royal Society of Arts in , and since has been run by English Heritage.

In there were around 1, museums in England. The National Health Service NHS , is the publicly funded healthcare system responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. It was based on the findings of the Beveridge Report , prepared by economist and social reformer William Beveridge. When purchasing drugs, the NHS has significant market power that, based on its own assessment of the fair value of the drugs, influences the global price, typically keeping prices lower.

The average life expectancy of people in England is The English people are British people. In , when the Domesday Book was compiled, England had a population of two million. England contains one indigenous national minority, the Cornish people , recognised by the UK government under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in English , today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue.

By the 15th century, English was back in fashion among all classes, though much changed; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the English Renaissance , many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins. English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity , and includes language schooling , tourism spending, and publishing.

There is no legislation mandating an official language for England, [] but English is the only language used for official business. As well as English, England has two other indigenous languages , Cornish and Welsh. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived, [] and is now protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

When the modern border between Wales and England was established by the Laws in Wales Acts and , many Welsh-speaking communities found themselves on the English side of the border. Welsh was spoken in Archenfield in Herefordshire into the nineteenth century, [] and by natives of parts of western Shropshire until the middle of the twentieth century if not later.

State schools teach students a second language or third language from the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German. However, following the census data released by the Office for National Statistics , figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English. In the census, This Celtic Church was gradually joined to the Catholic hierarchy following the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by St Augustine.

The established church of England is the Church of England , [] which left communion with Rome in the s when Henry VIII was unable to annul his marriage to the aunt of the king of Spain. The church regards itself as both Catholic and Protestant. The monarch of the United Kingdom is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , which has around 26 million baptised members of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers.

It forms part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as its symbolic worldwide head. Since its reintroduction after the Catholic Emancipation , the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.

A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley. The patron saint of England is Saint George ; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England, as well as in the Union Flag as part of a combination. There are non-Christian religions practised. Jews have a history of a small minority on the island since Especially since the s, religions from the former British colonies have grown in numbers, due to immigration.

A small minority of the population practise ancient Pagan religions. Neopaganism in the United Kingdom is primarily represented by Wicca and Witchcraft religions , Druidry , and Heathenry. According to the UK Census , there are roughly 53, people who identify as Pagan in England, [d] and 3, in Wales , [d] including 11, Wiccans in England and in Wales. These figures are slightly lower than the combined figures for England and Wales as Wales has a higher level of irreligion than England.

The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education. Children who are between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or an Early Years Foundation Stage reception unit within a primary school.

Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and Schools may choose to permit trousers for girls or religious dress. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British year-olds as 13th in the world in reading literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive , there are selective intake grammar schools to which entrance is subject to passing the eleven-plus exam.

Around 7. After finishing compulsory education, students take GCSE examinations. Students may then opt to continue into further education for two years. Further education colleges particularly sixth form colleges often form part of a secondary school site. A-level examinations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university.

Tertiary colleges provide both academic and vocational courses. Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which are public institutions. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England.

Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or towards a doctorate, which takes three or more years. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno — Saxon monasticism , [] [] to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings.

After the Norman conquest in various Castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their authority and in the north to protect from invasion. Throughout the Plantagenet era, an English Gothic architecture flourished, with prime examples including the medieval cathedrals such as Canterbury Cathedral , Westminster Abbey and York Minster.

Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-century Tudor style ; the four-centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch , was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, the English Baroque style of architect Christopher Wren being particularly championed.

Georgian architecture followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence of romanticism during Victorian period, a Gothic Revival was launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace.

Since the s various modernist forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places. Landscape gardening, as developed by Capability Brown , set an international trend for the English garden. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape.

By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden , and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Pavlovsk , the gardens of the future Emperor Paul. It also had a major influence on the form of the public parks and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century. English Heritage and the National Trust preserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country. English folklore developed over many centuries.

Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies , giants , elves , bogeymen , trolls , goblins and dwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuring Offa of Angel and Wayland the Smith , [] others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuring Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood , and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham , are among the best-known of these.

During the High Middle Ages tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into the Arthurian myth. Many of the tales and pseudo-histories make up part of the wider Matter of Britain , a collection of shared British folklore. Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry , Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch.

The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin , is a recurring character, while Blackbeard is the archetypal pirate. Since the early modern period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce. Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast , featuring a roasted joint usually beef, lamb , chicken or pork served with assorted vegetables, Yorkshire pudding and gravy. Sausages are commonly eaten, either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole.

Lancashire hotpot is a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Many Anglo-Indian hybrid dishes, curries , have been created, such as chicken tikka masala and balti. Traditional English dessert dishes include apple pie or other fruit pies; spotted dick — all generally served with custard ; and, more recently, sticky toffee pudding. Sweet pastries include scones either plain or containing dried fruit served with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves, Eccles cakes and mince pies as well as a wide range of sweet or spiced biscuits.

Common non-alcoholic drinks include tea, the popularity of which was increased by Catherine of Braganza , [] and coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine, ciders and English beers , such as bitter , mild , stout and brown ale. The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces, most prominent in North Yorkshire , Northumberland and Cumbria , but also feature further south, for example at Creswell Crags.

There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough. The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of their court, portrait painting which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German Hans Holbein , natives such as Nicholas Hilliard built on this. In the 19th century, Constable and Turner were major landscape artists.

Early authors such as Bede and Alcuin wrote in Latin. Marvell was the best-known poet of the Commonwealth , [] while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself.

This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. William Shakespeare. More radical elements were later countered by Edmund Burke who is regarded as the founder of conservatism. In response to the Industrial Revolution , agrarian writers sought a way between liberty and tradition; William Cobbett , G. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc were main exponents, while the founder of guild socialism , Arthur Penty , and cooperative movement advocate G.

Cole are somewhat related. Wells and Lewis Carroll. Lawrence , Virginia Woolf , C. Tolkien , and J. The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly sea shanties , jigs , hornpipes and dance music.

It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. German-born George Frideric Handel spent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios, The Messiah , Solomon , Water Music , and Music for the Royal Fireworks. Classical music attracted much attention from with the formation of the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival , which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in The English Musical Renaissance was a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at the Royal College of Music , were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences.

In popular music , many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular, such as Glastonbury , V Festival , and the Reading and Leeds Festivals. England was at the forefront of the illegal, free rave movement from the late s, which led to pan-European culture of teknivals mirrored on the UK free festival movement and associated travelling lifestyle.

It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the Notting Hill Carnival , it is the second-largest street festival in the United Kingdom attracting over 80, visitors from across the country. The Royal Academy of Music is the oldest conservatoire in England, founded in It received its royal charter in from King George IV. The circus is a traditional form of entertainment in England. Pantomime is a British musical comedy stage production, designed for family entertainment.

It is performed in theatres throughout the England during the Christmas and New Year season. The art originated in the 18th century with John Weaver , a dance master and choreographer. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers. Major film studios in England include Pinewood , Elstree and Shepperton. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises Harry Potter and James Bond.

Its collection of more than seven million objects [] is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, [] sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present.

London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, although Manchester is also a significant national media centre. England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century codified many sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include association football , [] cricket , rugby union , rugby league , tennis , boxing , badminton, squash , [] rounders , [] hockey , snooker , billiards , darts , table tennis, bowls , netball , thoroughbred horseracing, greyhound racing and fox hunting.

It has helped the development of golf , sailing and Formula One. Football is the most popular of these sports. The England national football team , whose home venue is Wembley Stadium , played Scotland in the first ever international football match in As is the case throughout the UK, football in England is notable for the rivalries between clubs and the passion of the supporters, which includes a tradition of football chants.

Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the Weald. The climax of the Ashes was viewed by 7. In the domestic competition, the County Championship , Yorkshire are by far the most successful club having won the competition 32 times outright and sharing it on 1 other occasion.

William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games. England competes in the Commonwealth Games , held every four years. Sport England is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England.

Rugby union originated in Rugby School , Warwickshire in the early 19th century. England was one of the host nations of the competition in the Rugby World Cup and also hosted the Rugby World Cup. Rugby league was born in Huddersfield in Since , the England national rugby league team has been a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team , which won three World Cups but is now retired. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties of Lancashire , Yorkshire and Cumbria.

Some of the most successful clubs include Wigan Warriors , Hull F. Golf has been prominent in England; due in part to its cultural and geographical ties to Scotland, the home of Golf. The biennial golf competition, the Ryder Cup , is named after English businessman Samuel Ryder who sponsored the event and donated the trophy. Tennis was created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, and the Wimbledon Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.

Fred Perry was the last Englishman to win Wimbledon in He was the first player to win all four Grand Slam singles titles [] and helped lead the Great Britain team to four Davis Cup wins. In boxing , under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules , England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies.

Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, the thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. England also has a rich heritage in Grand Prix motorcycle racing , the premier championship of motorcycle road racing , and produced several World Champions across all the various class of motorcycle: Mike Hailwood , John Surtees , Phil Read , Geoff Duke , and Barry Sheene.

Darts is a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, darts is a traditional pub game. Phil Taylor is widely regarded as the best darts player of all time, having won professional tournaments, and a record 16 World Championships. Originally the flag was used by the maritime Republic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to the Doge of Genoa from onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean.

A red cross was a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with Saint George , along with countries and cities, which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace.

It is also known as the Rose of England. The Royal Arms of England, a national coat of arms featuring three lions, originated with its adoption by Richard the Lionheart in It is blazoned as gules, three lions passant guardant or and it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England; it is similar to the traditional arms of Normandy.

England does not have an official designated national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has God Save the King. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Country in north-west Europe; part of the United Kingdom. This article is about the country. For other uses, see England disambiguation. Royal Arms. Sovereign state Legal jurisdiction.

United Kingdom England and Wales. See also: Toponymy of England. Main article: History of England. For a chronological guide, see Timeline of English history. Main article: Prehistoric Britain. Main article: England in the Middle Ages. Queen Elizabeth I — Main article: Politics of England. Main article: English law. Main article: Subdivisions of England. East Riding of Yorkshire. Greater London. Not shown: City of London. North Yorkshire. South Yorks. West Yorkshire.

Greater Manc. East Sussex. West Sussex. Isle of Wight. West Midlands. Ceremonial counties of England. Main article: Geography of England. Main article: Climate of England. See also: List of places in England. Largest conurbations in England census []. Rank Conurbation Pop. Main article: Economy of England. Main articles: List of English inventions and discoveries and Royal Society.

Main article: Transport in England. Main article: Energy in the United Kingdom. Main article: Tourism in England. Main article: Healthcare in England. Main article: Demography of England. Main article: English people. Main article: Religion in England. Further information: History of Christianity in England. Main article: Education in England. Main article: Culture of England. Further information: English Renaissance. Main article: English folklore. Main article: English cuisine.

Main article: English art. See also: Arts Council England. Main article: English literature. Further information: Folk music of England. See also: Music of the United Kingdom. Problems playing these files? See media help. The Beatles are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music.

See also: Cinema of the United Kingdom. Further information: List of museums in England. Main article: Media in the United Kingdom. Main article: Sport in England. Main article: National symbols of England. England portal United Kingdom portal. Other Pagan paths, such as Wicca or Druidism, have not been included in this number.

Other Pagan paths, such as Druidism, and general "Pagan" have not been included in this number. Scottish students attending Scottish universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish Parliament. Retrieved 9 August Archived from the original on 20 December Retrieved 1 February Archived from the original on 16 May BBC News.

Archived from the original on 27 April Office for National Statistics United Kingdom. Accessed 31 May A Brief History of Great Britain. Retrieved 27 January Culture Trip. Retrieved 20 May Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 21 July Retrieved 5 September Oxford English Dictionary. The Principles of Gaelic Grammar. Edinburgh: Oliver, Boyd and Tweeddale. Current Archaeology. Current Publishing. Retrieved 20 December A Geo East Project.

Archived from the original on 5 March University of Cambridge. Retrieved 9 September Retrieved 21 December Inventions and Trade. ISBN Retrieved 23 December The Observer. Archived from the original on 22 October Retrieved 22 December Hachette UK.

Heritage Key. Archived from the original on 3 July The History of Progress in Great Britain. Medicine through time. Retrieved 24 December Retrieved 3 December Early Christian Christianity. John Murray. Archived from the original PDF on 1 June Retrieved 20 June Boydell and Brewer Press. Medieval Archaeology. S2CID Archived from the original on 24 June Retrieved 21 September Archived from the original on 10 July Renaissance essays.

Retrieved 26 December Archived from the original on 18 January England Under the Tudors. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 4 April Roanak:the abandoned colony. Archived from the original on 9 June Archived from the original PDF on 25 March Retrieved 19 February Retrieved 8 August Loughborough University, online.

World Civilization. Retrieved 6 August ; Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 25 September Retrieved 11 April Archived from the original on 21 June Retrieved 10 December Archived from the original on 28 July Retrieved 8 April Archived from the original on 26 April Retrieved 4 October Entry on Sciencemuseum website. Archived from the original on 9 March Retrieved 17 March The Battle of Trafalgar. BBC History.

Retrieved 13 October Edwardian Life PBS". The Independent. Retrieved 2 December Publius: The Journal of Federalism. BBC Wales. The Times. Retrieved 16 August Retrieved 21 May MSN Money. Archived from the original on 17 April ALM Media Properties.

Retrieved 5 October Retrieved 20 August Archived from the original PDF on 17 January Archived from the original PDF on 24 March Ministry Of Justice. Archived from the original on 16 November Retrieved 11 December The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June Archived from the original PDF on 3 December Retrieved 15 August Retrieved 5 December Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 22 November London Evening Standard.

Retrieved 17 August Met Office. Archived from the original on 5 June Joseph J. Retrieved 6 December Smmit Post. Retrieved 8 September Archived from the original on 27 October Woodlands Kent. Archived from the original on 14 January Retrieved 1 August Archived from the original on 29 August Research records formerly PastScape.

Retrieved 3 May Retrieved 7 July Retrieved 3 April Archived from the original on 30 June Retrieved 18 April

Мартин, купить квартиру или дом в абхазии эта великолепная